Question:
Hi Lorene,
Pls how can I help someone struggling with thigh bursitis and hemorrhoids
Thanks
LN
Answer:
Bursitis:
Hemorrhoids:
Hi Lorene,
Pls how can I help someone struggling with thigh bursitis and hemorrhoids
Thanks
LN
Its bioactive ingredient curcumin shows a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In the present study, we investigated the antiviral activity of aqueous turmeric root extract, the dissolved content of a curcumin-containing nutritional supplement capsule, and pure curcumin against SARS-CoV-2.
Turmeric root extract, dissolved turmeric capsule content, and pure curcumin effectively neutralized SARS-CoV-2 at subtoxic concentrations in Vero E6 and human Calu-3 cells. Furthermore, curcumin treatment significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in cell culture supernatants. Our data uncovers curcumin as a promising compound for complementary COVID-19 treatment. Curcumin concentrations contained in turmeric root or capsules used as nutritional supplements completely neutralized SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.
A groundbreaking new study published in the journal Anticancer Research reveals that one of the world’s most extensively researched and promising natural compounds for cancer treatment: the primary polyphenol in the ancient spice turmeric known as curcumin, has the ability to selectively target cancer stem cells, which are at the root of cancer malignancy, while having little to no toxicity on normal stem cells, which are essential for tissue regeneration and longevity.
Titled, “Curcumin and Cancer Stem Cells: Curcumin Has Asymmetrical Effects on Cancer and Normal Stem Cells,” the study describes the wide range of molecular mechanisms presently identified by which curcumin attacks cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are the minority subpopulation of self-renewing cells within a tumor colony. These cells are capable of producing all the other cells within a tumor, making them the most lethal, tumoriogenic of all cells within most, if not all, cancers.
Because CSCs are resistant to chemotherapy, radiation, and may even be provoked towards increased invasiveness with surgery, they are widely believed to be responsible for tumor recurrence and the dismal failure of conventional treatment.
The study identified the following 8 molecular mechanisms by which curcumin targets and kills cancer stem cells:
As you can see through these eight actions, curcumin exhibits a rather profound level of complexity, modulating numerous molecular pathways simultaneously.
Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy is incapable of such delicate and “intelligent” behavior, as it preferentially targets fast-replicating cells by damaging their DNA , regardless of whether they are benign, healthy or cancerous cells. This includes fast replicating cells such as the stomach lining which are essential for us to digest food to gain nutrition for healing! Curcumin’s selective cytotoxicity targets the cancer stem cells.
Curcumin and Normal Stem Cells
Normal stem cells (NSCs) are essential for health because they are responsible for differentiating into normal cells that are needed to replace damaged or sick ones. If curcumin were to kill normal cells, like radiation and chemotherapy, it would not provide a compelling alternative to these treatments. The study addressed this point:
This study adds growing support to the idea that safe, time-tested, natural substances are superior to synthetic ones. Given the evidence that a safe and effective alternative may already exist, chemotherapy, radiation and even surgery may no longer be justified as the first-line standard of care for cancer treatment.
In fact, a significant body of evidence now implicates these treatments in worsening prognosis, and in some cases driving cancer stem cell enrichment in tumors.
Radiotherapy, for instance, has been found to induce cancer stem cell-like properties in breast cancer cells, essentially increasing their malignancy and tumoriogenicity by 30 fold. This is hardly progress when one considers the role that CSCs play, especially in contributing to post-treatment secondary cancers.
Turmeric and its components are not FDA approved drugs, and by definition the FDA will not allow an unapproved substance, natural or synthetic, to prevent, treat, diagnosis or cure a disease. This means that you will not be seeing it offered by an oncologist as an alternative to chemotherapy or radiation any time soon. This does not, however, mean that it does not work.
If you are considering ordering Paw Paw Cell Reg within North America, please contact us directly for best options.
If or when this herb is not available due to demand; regulations of your country, or prohibitive shipping , please read our 3rd section below: “For Other Countries”, to see other options we have used, with excellent success, before Paw Paw was researched and available.
If supply is limited, it may be due to Quality, or government regulations, such as in CA and AU. NSP will never compromise on quality by purchasing or producing inferior strength ingredients. Herbs are natural substances and due to nature, active chemicals can vary, in the case of Paw Paw, Asimina triloba, this means levels of several acetogenins. NSP is one of the few companies with capabilities to test to this degree to ensure potency.
In these cases, please contact us; we will do support you in your healing journey.
The 2019 Truth About Cancer, Asian series by Ty & Charlene Bollinger, has confirmed that our approach works! Most of the research presented in this series has been in Lorene Benoit’s book, first published in 2010, and her teaching since 1990. From diet, pH, pleomorphism, herbs, emotions, sugar and oxygen connection, cellular energy and so much more – years after book publication- the research continues to support why our program works. Many of these approaches are available in all Asian countries. One doctor stated: “Medical terrorism is being practiced in North America with the limited options available to patients.”
If Paw Paw is not available, we still follow the Basic Program (minus Paw Paw) and add specifics from the Paw Paw Upgrade.
Paw Paw Cell Reg was out of stock May – Dec, 2018. The shortage was due to quality of the harvest, resulting in lower quantity of active acetogenins. Nature’s Sunshine will NOT compromise on quality.
1) Retail if you just want 1 or 2 bottles and no consultation. $80 USD (& taxes, S/H). I will send you a PayPal invoice for this, which you can pay with most credit cards; no PayPal account necessary.
2) Discount 20-25% – for anyone who books a consultation, (minimum mini $60 USD) . Those who are most successful have this guidance and follow the Basic Paw Paw Program. We recommend everyone healing with cancer get comfortable with the basic program, then with our support, individualize according to your specific needs.
Consultation allows time for you to answer questions, discuss program, set up account and 1st order for you, which will be at discount pricing. NSP may limit quantities to prevent illegal online sales.
Once payment is made on consultation link using the PayPal drop down menu, please suggest 2 or 3 possible times that you are available. We can also send an invoice, which can be paid via credit card; no PayPal account needed.
Please let me know your choice. Either way, I will need your complete mailing address and phone number.
For active CA members there are 2 choices:
Non members:
Info on these three formulas can be found in this article: Paw Paw Program Upgrade.
Suggested dosage is 3-4 caps each per day – split 2-3 times/day. The ETea can also be opened and made into a pleasant tasting tea, with which to take the other herbs. The other supplements of Basic Paw Paw program remain the same.
Another important health supplement highly researched and effective for cancer, which was mentioned multiple times by doctors in 7 out of 7 Asian countries in the 2019 Truth About Cancer, is Turmeric Curcumin with Piper Nigrum.
As studies and research show conclusive positive effects on reversing cancer. Besides anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, turmeric helps improve intestinal microbiome, and can help reduce pain.
Be sure to use one that contains enough curcuminoids, the active ingredient, to help! We use a standardized concentrate. This means 2 vegi-capsules equal 1.4 pounds of whole turmeric root. For comparison, you might need 50 -200 capsules of regular turmeric capsules to have this potency, or try eating 1.4 pounds per day?!
Contact us if we can be of assistance in your healing journey.
Nov. 2018 Update: Same product, same quality, name changed from CureQMin BP to Turmeric Curcumin, for ease of identification.
Cindy Klement, Master Nutritionist presented at the Canadian NSP Herbal Conference. We learned that the new Turmeric Curcumin contains a concentrated extract from the fruit of black pepper, piper nigrum. This increases the absorption of the concentrated curcuminoids from turmeric and therefore the effectiveness by 2000%. There is no Turmeric on the market that competes with this Nature’s Sunshine brand. The curcuminoid content of 2 capsules equals as much as 200 of some competitor brands, when tested by approved independent labs.
I love Nature’s Sunshine products as they are the most superior herbal products on the market. Turmeric has been studied for powerful properties that have a beneficial effect on pain and inflammation of all types. This article on Herbs Are Effective – 5000 years of science highlights some studies.
Each capsule contains Curcuma longa (curcumin) rhizome 550 mg, Piper nigrum (black pepper) fruit extract (50:1) 2.5 mg.
Please contact Benoit Health Education to order the best at the best prices, whichever country you live in; we can guide you to optimum health!
This is one of the most common questions I get asked by those using the Paw Paw Program to heal and or prevent cancer, so it is updated on a regular basis
Can I take tumeric, can I take curcumin, can I take Red Raspberry Seed extract, can I take aged Garlic? Can I take Beta Glucans form XYZ Company? Can I take quercertin, citrus pectin, coconut oil capsules, cayenne, EGCG (from Green Tea), polyphenols, resveratrol…… the list and options can be extensive and are limitless!
In our experience, because there is so much information available on the net and so many different choices, people are overwhelmed and want to take every thing that is promoted as being helpful for cancer. This is one reason why, in my book, The Paw Paw Program, I devote almost 20 pages of Chapter 2 to discuss other successful and useful herbs, supplements, and protocols. However, after using many of these myself and with clients in my professional practice for almost 35 years, it is also why I wrote the book explaining specific research, actions and program for Paw Paw, Asimina triloba. It is because this is what myself, other researchers and practitioners have found to be the most effective combination.
The therapeutic program in The Paw Paw Program addresses the causes for cancer, and the necessary steps to correct those causes, while rebuilding the the immune system and saturating the body with complete nutrition to enable it to heal and to stay healthy. This means, in a nutshell:
To do this, we start with the basic Paw Paw program. This article includes specific recommendations for dosages and timing.
For those who wish to add more to the basic program, we have found those therapeutics listed in the Paw Paw Program Upgrade to be the most beneficial. These nutritional combinations are more effective than all the separate supplements that can be added, such as those I list at the beginning, or any other numerous options. These MAY all be good supplements, if they are quality products; however the additional ones I list in the above article and in my book are more specific to support the body to overcome disease with this program.
After E-Tea (the original Essiac formula) and Pau D’Arco recommended in the Paw Paw Upgrade, I would add Cat’s Claw Combination then Colostrum. Here is one excerpt recently received from a co-worker who is also very successful with cancer.
All diseased conditions are caused by inflammation. Quality Colostrum binds toxic lectins, which can be one source of inflammation. Colostrum is a whole food, able to regulate blood sugar levels. It increases bone and lean muscle mass. It regenerates the neurotransmitters of the brain. Colostrum regenerates and accelerates the growth of aged and injured muscle, bone, cartilage, skin collagen and nervous tissue. Colostrum is an anti-aging food.
Dr. Shealy says, “By heating it above 140 degrees, Colostrum loses all its potency”.
Colostrum from Nature’s Sunshine is not heated which makes it live and anti-aging.
A separate note on Beta Glucans. Yes, they are compatible with the Paw Paw Program, as the actions do not promote ATP production, plus contribute to the immune system’s ability to slow tumour growth via anti-angiogenesis; similar actions to Paw Paw Cell Reg, Asimina triloba. They work by binding to receptors on macrophages and other white blood cells and activating them.
I find if one can get any supplement or nutrition, including beta glucans, in a whole, natural form, it is better assimilated by the body. This is why NSP offers it in several products, all derived from plant/herb sources.
Beta glucans are a component of Colostrum – another reason Colostrum is recommended. Beta glucans are also included in one of our Super Foods, Nature’s Harvest (which can be added to your blender shake) and Beta Glucans are also found in Reishi Mushroom, Lycium and Schizandra, which are all found in Mineral Chi Tonic, part of the Basic Program. In the US, Beta glucans are also found in Immune Simulator, from Maitake mushrooms.
I believe that when one sources nutrition from a whole plant, rather than as an extracted isolate supplement, the body can digest it better and utilize it better. The body resonates with whole plant energy more than with a isolated parts. This has been proven through the centuries. This is why vitamins and minerals that are in a whole herbal, food base are much better utilized even if much lower dosages.
So bottom line, do not worry about taking everything you will hear about online and on the news- if you are following the recommendation in The Paw Paw Program, you are on the right track to discovering the World IS Round already!
According to Dr. Jerry McLaughlin, the world’s expert on Paw Paw, Asimina triloba, the only proven antagonists are those that increase ATP production, such as CoQ10. This is because reduction of ATP to rapidly growing cells such as cancer, is one of the 4 primary mechanisms by which Paw Paw is effective. We recommend to not take CoQ10 at the same time as Paw Paw, as it increases ATP production, therefore is counter-productive. After studying with Dr. McLaughlin personally, I trust his research and have had results!
As studies and research on Turmeric Curcumin BP with Piper nigrum, a concentrate form of turmeric, show conclusive positive effects on reversing cancer, it can be a healthful addition. Besides anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, turmeric helps improve intestinal microbiome, and can help reduce pain.
Be sure to use one that contains enough curcuminoids, the active ingredient, to help! We use a standardized concentrate. This means 2 vegi-capsules equal 1.4 pounds of whole turmeric root. For comparison, you might need 50 -200 capsules of regular turmeric capsules to have this potency, or try eating 1.4 pounds per day?!
Re-read the dietary recommendations, get those Super Shakes happening with some good quality protein such as nuts and Nature’s Harvest and enjoy getting healthier day by day. Blessings!
UPDATE 2018:
You may also want to read Contra-Indicated Medications and Supplements with Paw Paw.
Please contact our office if you would like to order Paw Paw or other health supplements. Besides the best price, we offer a direct account with discount and our support and personalized service.
Buying “Paw Paw Cell Reg” from Amazon is NOT advisable under ANY circumstances–even if it appears to be the same product. We have heard reports of tampered product, outdated product, or even fake product. In the words of one communication from the manufacturer–when you buy from Amazon, Ebay, and the like, you are essentially buying from an electronic yard sale.
Below are 3 quotes from learned people that give us food for thought about keeping an open mind and looking outside the box on many “accepted” ideas:
“This ‘telephone’ has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device is inherently of no value to us.” – Western Union internal memo, 1876
“I think there is world market for maybe five computers” -Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943
“640K ought to be enough for anybody.” – Bill Gates, 1981
It is as hard to believe that these statements were taken seriously, as it that people once believed that the world was flat. Or that rampant cell growth, aka cancer, can only be treated with surgery, chemical poisons or radiation. This gives you some idea why the title of Lorene Benoit’s book on healing is named: The Paw Paw Program – A “Christopher Columbus” Approach to Cancer – The World IS Round and Cancer CAN Be Treated Naturally.
Having been in the natural health field since 1974, and seriously using herbs since 1980, it is very heartening to see science supporting traditional healing more every day. Not that I need the proof, having seen life changing results with natural healing for thousands of people, but this may help move the public toward a better understanding of why herbal healing is still around after more than 5000 years. And why it is important to look outside the box and learn to take more control of our own health for a healthier, happier life!
In a study involving 367 patients (mean age 60 years) with knee osteoarthritis, subjects were randomized into two groups who received either ibuprofen (1,200 mg/day) or a turmeric extract (75-85% total curcuminoids, 1,500 mg/day) for four weeks. Treatment efficacy was assessed via the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index for pain, stiffness and function scores.
Comparison of WOMAC scores showed significant improvement from baseline in both the ibuprofen and curcumin groups, with no significant difference between the two groups. While both treatments were generally well tolerated, there were fewer reports of adverse gastrointestinal side-effects in the curcumin group. These findings are consistent with previous research showing curcumin to be similar or more effective than ibuprofen in efficacy and much safer for all forms of inflammation.
References: Kuptniratsaikul V, Thanakhumtorn S, et al. Efficacy and safety of Curcuma domestica extracts in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Clin Interv Aging 2014 Mar 20;9:451–8.doi:10.2147/CIA.S58535
AlternComplement Med. 2009 Aug; 15 (8):891-7. doi: 10.1089/acm.2008.0186
Nature’s Sunshine Turmeric Curcumin Concentrated contains 400 mg of curcuminoids provided by the internationally recognized Curcumin C3 Complex®. This ingredient is patented for its unique composition ratio of the bioactive curcuminoids (95%) extracted from turmeric roots. The Curcumin C3 Complex® is highly regarded in the clinical literature for consistency, quality and integrity of the three main antioxidant and protective compounds found in turmeric root, collectively known as curcuminoids. It has the been the clinical trial material of choice for a significant number of research studies investigating its protective, antioxidant and inflammation – mediating benefits.
Dr. Stephen Sinatra ( no, not Frank) , MD, FACN tells us clearly shows that emotions have a tremendous effect on our physical health. He lists five of the most common negative emotions: Anger, Sadness, Heartbreak, Stress and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). I love that last one – anytime enough people have similar challenges, an new “disorder” is created, usually to promote a new drug to treat the new disorder.
What these 5 stressful emotions have in common is that they all produce hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. Among other effects, these hormones thicken the blood, and create inflammation. So instead of ingesting rat poison, aka blood thinners, consider reducing these negative emotions and supplementing your diet with a good quality Nutri -Calm (US)/ Stress Formulas (CA)), which contain both herbs and B Vitamins. Besides helping reduce the physical effects of stress, this formula also helps lower homocysteine levels related to Cardiovascular health.
Stress related emotions also decrease essential mineral such as Potassium and Magnesium, two essential minerals which help regulate heart beat and kidney output. Chinese Mineral Chi Tonic is one of the best synergistic formulas to help balance these minerals AND deal with stress, while increasing our vital energy.
Drugs accomplish nothing long-term to reducing stress, but there are many things you can incorporate into your life that will. Read how Dr. Bruce Lipton has shown how just one emotion such as love can physically change our genetic fate.
One simple exercise to begin today is the Gratitude Attitude – a recent Harvard study stated that saying 3 specific things per day for which you are grateful have been shown to decrease our metabolic age by 10 years in only 21 days! Other tips for emotional healing are included in Chapter 6 of Lorene Benoit’s book: The Paw Paw Program – The “Christopher Columbus” Approach to Cancer – The World IS Round and Cancer CAN Be Treated Naturally.
The data “clearly underlines adverse impacts on kidneys and liver, two of our major detoxifying organs, as well as different levels of damages to heart, adrenal glands, spleen and haematopoietic system,” reported Gilles-Eric Séralini, a molecular biologist at the University of Caen.
Human health, of course, is of primary import to us, but ecological effects are also in play. Ninety-nine percent of GMO crops either tolerate or produce insecticides. This may be the reason we see bee colony collapse and massive butterfly deaths. If GMOs are wiping out earth’s pollinators, they are far more disastrous than the threat they pose to humans and other mammals.
Dr. Frederick Klenner graduated from Duke University School of Medicine in 1936. In the “Clinical Guide to the Use of Vitamin C”, Dr. Lendon H. Smith outlines numerous cases on how Dr. Klenner quickly cured a variety of viral diseases by the use of intravenous vitamin C.
He reports of a ten month old baby with high fever, watery nose, dry cough, red eyes and rash characteristic of measles. Dr Klenner gave the baby 1,000 milligrams (mg) of vitamin C every four hours and the temperature dropped, the cough stopped and the rash disappeared.
Another eight-year-old child with measles developed encephalitis, became stuporous and responded only to pain. He quickly cured the child by both intravenous and oral vitamin C.
A 23 year old man with mumps developed swollen testicles, the size of tennis balls, along with overwhelming pain. After 1,000 mg of intravenous vitamin C the pain subsided. During the next 24 hours he was given 2,000 mg of intravenous C every two hours. His fever returned to normal in 36 hours and he was up and about in 60 hours.
Dr. Lendon Smith describes how Klenner discovered that intravenous C could also quickly dry up chicken pox lesions and subdue viral hepatitis.
But Dr. Klenner’s most important study involved the great polio epidemic of 1948-50. He successfully treated 60 polio victims using intravenous doses of vitamin C, up to 200,000 mg every 12 hours for four days. None developed paralysis. He soon learned that the sicker the patient the higher the dose required.
So we need to ask ourselves:
Time to be pro-active about healthy living and successful aging! You may choose to start by taking this simple Health Assessment, then contact the author with your score to help develop a plan of action to improve your health on a daily basis. It is your life and your health – embrace it!
At Nature’s Sunshine 35th Canadian Health and Herbal Conference, Oct. 2011, I attended an excellent lecture from Dr. Jay P. VandenHeuvel, PhD, ND on natural approaches to cancer.* This was an affirming lecture, as everything he mentioned is included in my book: The Paw Paw Program – A “Christopher Columbus” Approach to Cancer – The World IS Round and Cancer CAN Be Treated Naturally. Based on recent research case studies that he and Dr. Gerry McLaughlin have conducted, many people experience benefit by the addition of these singles and formula herbs to those presented in my book.
1. Taking Paw Paw (Asimina triloba) every six hours. This means 4 times per day, rather than 3, thus keeping a regular interval of 6 hours. In Dr. VandenHeuvel’s words, “Get the cancer by the throat and don’t let it go.”
Those who have read my book will understand this from my explanation of the exponential growth of abnormally reproducing cells. A little timer can help one accommodate this time frame. This may also mean that dosage can be increased to optimum chemo-therapeutic level. Remember this level is just below where you experience no nausea or other digestive or elimination challenge.
2. Addition of two herbs which I mention in my book: Pau D’Arco (p. 55 or 57)* and E-Tea (Essiac Tea p. 53, 202 or 55, 204)**.
These herbs have been traditionally used in cancer programs and are very effective. For simplicity, I suggest starting on the basic 4 program until you determine your optimum level of Paw Paw. Then based on Dr. VandenHeuvel’s successes, I encourage these two herbs to be added to the basic 4 of The Paw Paw Program , if one is willing to add to their program.
For simplicity and effectiveness you can open 4-8 capsules Pau D’arco and add to 3 cups hot water; using a quart sealer or thermos if you want it to stay hot. Do the same with capsules of E-Tea. You can prepare each separately, or combine them. Some people prefer to have two different tasting teas to consume throughout the day. Taking them as a tea makes them more easily absorbed, as well helping you have adequate healthy liquid intake throughout the day. They can be used as your drink to take your other herbs.
NB: As links tend to change over the years, please Contact us, for personalized, expert assistance in obtaining any of herbs or supplements mentioned on this website. We have worked with one major quality professional herbal source since 1985 and can help you get the best for your health and your money. We offer all clients wholesale pricing. Do you want expertise and support or do you want a no-name, illegal Amazon seller? (Fine for household goods, but for your own health??)
Are you worth the best?
I prefer liquids to be taken at room temperature, and there is no problem with these teas sitting out for 24 hrs. If you do not like the taste of either of these, they can be taken as capsules, if you add at least 1 large cup of water to absorb and activate the herbs, with every dose of capsules.
As per explanations in my book about quality of herbs, the same holds true for both these herbs, as NSP species of Pau D’Arco contains the N-Factors (napthaquinone) and A-Factors (anthraquinones) required to be effective, and NSP E-Tea is the original Essiac formulation properly prepared and tested for potency.
In my consulting experience, many people are taking too many supplements. So I prioritize those that should be added, or suggest these to replace others that may be impotent, poor quality, or contradictory to their overall program. The top two additional choices for me are Cat’s Claw Combination and Turmeric.
Cat’s Claw/Una de Gato is a traditional herb that has been the Peruvian cancer herb of choice for centuries. Cat’s Claw (CA) / Una de Gato (US) combination has been combined with Echinacea and Astragalus. This formula cleanses and strengthens the immune, intestinal and structural systems and helps counteract the effects of chemotherapy and radiation by supporting the immune system. It is also an excellent lymphatic system support.
Turmeric Curcumin, is a potent blend of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) which has been standardized to 95% curcuminoids and Black Pepper (Piper nigrum)for enhanced absorption.
As studies and research show conclusive positive effects on reversing cancer, turmeric was mentioned by almost every doctor in all 7 Asian countries in the 2019 Truth About Cancer. Besides anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, turmeric helps improve intestinal microbiome, and can help reduce pain.
Be sure to use one that contains enough curcuminoids, the active ingredient, to help! We use a standardized concentrate. This means 2 vegi-capsules equal 1.4 pounds of whole turmeric root. For comparison, you might need 50 -200 capsules of regular turmeric capsules to have this potency, or try eating 1.4 pounds per day?!
If you do not have Lorene’s book, which contains research, complete explanation of the program, references, and essential suggestions on diet, relaxation, recipes, and emotions, Contact Us now to order directly, PLUS receive wholesale pricing and our expertise.
* Dr. Vandenhoeval’s “terminal” kidney CA diagnosis was over 19 years, as of July, 2023. Good thing he did not listen to or follow the voodoo hex of the medical prognosis.
** page # depends on whether you have 1st, 2nd, or 3rd printing of Paw Paw book. 3rd Edition released Jan. 2020.